What was the last city or state ruled by an oligarchy

The Greek city-state was governed by an oligarchy? Oligarchy in the Greek polis. Oligarchy supposes the government of a minority, while democracy supposes the government of many people.

the two colonies had the earliest laws mandating religious tolerance.

a, c, & d are correct:

they wanted lands to settle the extra population.

they wanted new markets for english goods.

they wanted to avoid civil war.