What was the Congress of Vienna? Purpose? Major People/Characters? Results? in Easy Words but Long Detailed Answer Please

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a hypothesis is an expected answer to a question, usually based on some theory or prior research. hypothesis testing is a method of determining the viability of a hypothesis. let’s use the us presidential election as an example. there are many hypotheses (questions) about how people feel or whom they will vote for. the only way to know the 100% “truth” about the answers to these questions is to ask every single possible voter – something that is impossible, expensive, time consuming etc. instead, we take samples and use statistics to make “best guesses” about the answer to a particular hypothesis. we never know for sure if our conclusion is right at the time we accept/reject it, but these techniques, when used appropriately can get us close to the truth most of the time (which is a lot better than guessing, flipping coins or throwing darts to get answers).

the tricky part about hypothesis testing is that we have to think somewhat backwards about it – we have to test what is known as the “null hypothesis”. as an example, the hypothesis might be “obama is more popular than romney” while the null hypothesis is “there is no difference in popularity between obama and romney”. we focus on the null hypothesis because it tells us exactly what the expected value of our tests should be (obama popularity = romney popularity) and we can collect data and see if it comes out that way (see next section on “significance”). if it does, then we “accept the null hypothesis” and reject our original hypothesis. if the null hypothesis is disproven, we look at the data to see if our original hypothesis holds (obama> romney).

i do not have access to the graph, but from 2001 to 2011 the rate of unemployment in the united states changed drastically. it remained relatively steady, at 5 percent, on average (4.4 percent in 2006 due to the economic expansion and 6 percent in 2002 as a result of the elevated costs of the war of terror) until 2008. it was then when the financial crisis, the worst since the great depression of 1929, occurred. during the recession that followed, the unemployment rate reached almost 10 percent in 2009, and in 2010 it was above 9 percent. by 2011 job losses had been continuous and prolonged for months, but the rate decreased timidly.