What is the four reasons behind the rise of Nation States?

According to the article, what did plato and aristotle have in common?

Why was galileo galilei brought before the inquisition? for insisting that earth stands still at the center of the universe for proving that planets move in elliptical orbits for putting forth evidence that earth moves around the sun for suggesting that the sun is a star

Which country joined the allies because it was a rival of germany?