Who were the philosophes and
what did they advocate?

The Philosophes were a French group of Enlightenment thinkers that applied the methods of science to better understand and improve society; they believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society.

answer: karl marx, max weber, and emile durkheim (the fourth could be considered georg simmel)

explanation:

the  wilmot proviso  was designed to eliminate  slavery  within the  landacquired as a result of the mexican war (1846-48). fearing the addition of a pro-slave territory, pennsylvania congressman david  wilmot proposedhis amendment to the bill.