How did Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan, and Henry Ford help to transform the American economy?​

They created new industries requiring large investments, which resulted in cheaper products

Explanation:

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articles of confederation

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".