Why did southern states begin passing jim crow laws when reconstruction ended?

Which statement best describes why article 3 of the constitution gives congress the ability to create lower courts inferior to the supreme court from time to time

How do due process and equal protection guarantee your constitutional rights

Pl did european countries want to find a shorter route to the far east? a. costs would be lower. b. they could take more trips. c. the route they used was rough and dangerous. d. sailors did not want to be away from home so long.