Document 1b
african-born james l. bradley was a slave who purchased his freedom. in 1834, while a student at the lane
seminary in cincinnati, ohio, he wrote a short account of his life. this is an excerpt from his account.
… i will begin as far back as i can remember. i think i was between two and three years old
when the soul-destroyers tore me from my mother’s arms, somewhere in africa, far back from
the sea. they carried me a long distance to a ship; all the way i looked back, and cried. the ship
was full of men and women loaded with chains; but i was so small, they let me run about on deck.
after many long days, they brought us into charleston, south carolina. a slaveholder bought
me, and took me up into pendleton county. i suppose that i staid [stayed] with him about six
months. he sold me to a mr. bradley, by whose name i have ever since been called. this man
was considered a wonderfully kind master; and it is true that i was treated better than most of
the slaves i knew. i never suffered for food, and never was flogged with the whip; but oh, my
soul! i was tormented with kicks and knocks more than i can tell. my master often knocked me
down, when i was young. once, when i was a boy, about nine years old, he struck me so hard
that i fell down and lost my senses. i remained thus some time, and when i came to myself, he
told me he thought he had killed me. at another time, he struck me with a currycomb [metal
comb used for grooming horses], and sunk the knob into my head. i have said that i had food
enough; i wish i could say as much concerning my clothing. but i let that subject alone, because
i cannot think of any suitable words to use in telling you.…
source: bailey and kennedy, eds., the american spirit, volume i: to 1877, houghton mifflin,1998
according to this document, what was one hardship james l. bradley experienced as a slave?

in the 1800s, locomotives powered by steam made transportation faster and cheaper. the resulting rapid growth of railroads led to the connection of the atlantic and pacific railroad in oklahoma city in 1897.

in the last years of the century, the improvement of steam-based engines the expansion and growth of railroads. this growth increased when the companies started to build and expand, such as the atlantic and pacific railroad, which connected new mexico with california, and missouri with oklahoma. many of these new networks were built in oklahoma, and these changes transportation henceforward.

"a problem throughout latin america is widespread poverty. what can those countries improve? the higher the literacy rate" or "education, the lower the rate of poverty".

although the majority of the total population and the population   poor in latin america and the caribbean is in the centers   urban areas, in relative terms poverty remains a   rural phenomenon in the region. the incidence of poverty and   extreme poverty is much greater in rural areas than   in urban areas without going further, in 1997 more than half of the   rural households lived in poverty and about a third in   situation of extreme poverty. in addition, the difficult economic situation   of most of the countries in the region in the past   two years has surely deteriorated those figures. to the poor   of the rural areas of the region are raised at least   three basic problems: i); insufficient nutrition, poor health and   poor educational services; ii); scarce opportunities   productive employment in agriculture and non-agricultural activities;   and iii); low degree of organization to effectively promote   the rural interests. the number and variety of circumstances   that cause rural poverty, as well as heterogeneity   of conditions in which it occurs in different countries   and regions hinder the search for effective solutions and   efficient to raise the welfare of the rural population.  

the mechanisms to reduce poverty are   focuses on three types of important action possibilities and   complementary to generate or raise the income of the poor   of rural areas: one that is based on the growth of   agricultural sector; another that aims at sustainable use and conservation   of natural resources, and the last based on the importance   growing rural economic activities that   they develop outside the agricultural land. there are at least other   two possibilities for reducing rural poverty: the traditional migration to urban areas and assistance to   people who need income transfers to overcome   the poverty threshold or to have a minimum access to   social safety nets.