Document 4
…the chinese had long been opposed to the opium trade. the drug had been introduced
into china by dutch traders during the seventeenth century. as early as 1729, there were
imperial decrees forbidding the sale and smoking of this “destructive and ensnaring vice.” in
1796, jiaqing, the new emperor, placed a complete ban on its importation, but he was a weak
administrator and soon pirates and opium merchants were bribing officials to look the other
way. by 1816, the [british] east india company had imported 3,000 chests of opium from its
poppy fields in the north indian state of punjab. by 1820, this had risen to 5,000 and by 1825
to almost 10,000.
as more and more chinese became addicts, and silver flowed out of the economy to
british coffers, the chinese government moved toward confrontation. the emperor
daoguang, who came to the throne in 1821 was a reformer, and, supported by his advisor lin
zexu (1785–1850), the emperor banned opium in 1836 and ordered the decapitation of
“foreign barbarians” who concealed and traded the drug.…
source: perry m. rogers, ed., aspects of world civilization: problems and sources in history, volume ii, prentice hall
(adapted)
according to perry rogers, what was one reason the chinese were unsuccessful in halting the opium
trade?

is this a question? put a question ?

from the religious point of view, the conflicts began because of the enmity between catholic and protestants. in 1649, at the insistence of baltimore, the colonial assembly approved the act of religious tolerance, the first law in the colonies granting freedom of worship, though only for christians. in 1654, however, with the protestants of maryland in the majority, the act was revoked. the almost civil war broke out and order was not restored until 1658, when lord baltimore was returned to power.

on the issue of class conflict, the chesapeake region offered few economic opportunities to contract employees who had served their term of obligation. even with the small amount of capital needed to grow tobacco, former hired servants at best became subsistence farmers, a mature class for those called to rebellion, such as those proposed by nathaniel bacon. as the number of new hired workers declined because of limited chances of progress and reports of severe treatment, they were replaced by african slaves.

from the racial point of view, after 1660, the chesapeake colonies imposed laws that defined slavery as a lifelong and hereditary condition based on race. this made slaves profitable because planters could rely not only on their work but also on their children. the slave population, which numbered four thousand in virginia and maryland in 1675, grew significantly by the end of the century.