How did secular rulers challenged papacy authority in the 14th and 15th century?

What lands were added to the russian empire under ivan iv, peter the great, and catherine the great?

What determines the properties of a mineral

Why was the u.s. annexation of hawaii delayed until william mckinley became president? a: the rebels who overthrew queen liliuokalani opposed u.s. annexation. b: the senate did not approve the treaty of annexation until mckinley entered the white house. c: supporters of the nationalist cause were in the majority in hawaii until 1898. d: mckinley’s predecessor, grover cleveland, refused to sign the treaty of annexation.