What effect did byzantine rule over constantinople as well as the islamic defeat by charles martel in 732 c. e. have on the spread of islam?

The effect that Byzantine rule over Constantinople as well as the Islamic defeat by Charles Martel in 732 C.E. had on the spread of Islam was that it prevented Islam from expanding into Western Europe.

The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Its capital city was Constantinople.

kennedy used a range of this to develop a 'flexible response' plan for any international crisis. “he also expanded the it was important, because it ordered the fall of khruschev.