Read the following passage and then answer the question. the greek renaissance of the eighth century bce marks a time of great development, including the rise of the polis, or city-state. trade routes flourished, and an increase in population and production led to the formation of a wealthy upper class. these changes led to the replacement of typical chiefdoms with poleis. each polis consisted of people who lived in the same area in or near an urban area. each polis had walls that protected it from invaders, stratified social classes, and public buildings. most poleis were governed by a king. athens, however, was governed as a democracy for a time. despite their common tongue, the poleis could be bitter rivals, as was the case with warlike sparta and aristocratic athens. the poleis held power from 800 bce to 500 bce. what parallel can be drawn between the poleis of ancient greece and the city-states of ancient mesopotamia? a. they were ruled by one powerful individual. b. they were generally cooperative with their neighbors. c. they arose at about the same time in history. d. they used democracy as a form of government.

Correct answer choice is :

In both cases, you have governments that operate over a small region of territory and are centralized on a comparatively large city. These small states often go to war with one another and are seldom overrun by a large outside realm which can capture these smaller states.  In Greece, the mountainous area helped to protect the disunity of the region till the Macedonian Aggression.

answer: the correct answer is c.

explanation:

answer:   migrations were important in the neolithic period. "two major migrations passing through southeastern europe were confirmed by the means of archaeo-genetic studies."

the first migration was the early neolithic period -- 6,000 before common era (bce) -- when the first farmers, from anatolia -- asia minor -- spread through europe. the second migration occurred during the early bronze age (3,000-2,500 bce) when the so-called "steppe population," from the eurasian steppe, replaced much of northern europe's previous population.

the first farmers of northern and western europe passed through southeastern europe with limited hunter-gatherer genetic admixture, which occurs when two or more previously isolated populations begin interbreeding. however, some groups that remained mixed extensively -- without the male-biased, hunter-gatherer admixture that prevailed later in the north and west, according to latest discoveries. southeastern europe continued to be a nexus between east and west, with intermittent genetic contact with the steppe people up to 2,000 years before the migrations that replaced much of northern europe's population.

"in some places, hunter-gatherers and incoming farmers seem to have mixed very quickly," says iain mathieson, a geneticist at the university of pennsylvania, who was first author of the paper. "but, mostly, the two groups remained isolated, at least for the first few hundred years. these hunter-gatherers had been living there for thousands of years, and it must have been quite a shock to have these new people show up -- with a completely different lifestyle and appearance."