Which of the following actions has caused desertification in africa?
i. overgrazing of livestock
ii. farming the same land over and over
iii. practicing deforestation
a.
i. only
b.
ii. only
c.
i. and ii. only
d.
i., ii., and iii.

D. i., ii., and iii.

All three of these actions have caused desertification in Africa. Overgrazing is a problem, especially in communities that practice animal husbandry intensely. The second problem, that of farming the same land over and over, is particularly complicated by the fact that many communities do not rotate crops. Finally, deforestation is a significant problem not only due to the cutting of trees, but to the problems of runoff and erosion that deforestation causes.

to reform the distraught soviet union, the democratization of the communist party was promoted through party secretary mikhail gorbachev's policies of “perestroika” and “glasnost.” perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system established by the communist party.