In 1962, the u. s. supreme court ruled in the case of robinson v. california that imprisoning people who suffered from might violate the constitution's ban on cruel and unusual punishment.

in 1862, president lincoln's emancipation proclamation opened the door for african americans to enlist in the union army. although many had wanted to join the war effort earlier, they were prohibited from enlisting by a federal law dating back to 1792.

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