As a result of the 13th amendment to the u. s. constitution, slave owners in the south
a. had to limit the hours that they made their slaves work.
b. could track down any slave who escaped.
c. were forced to give a portion of land to each slave.
d. were required to free all of their slaves.

from the conditions of the working class in england by friedrich engels,the main idea is :

during the 20th century, the role of the vice president has evolved into more of an executive branch position. now, the vice president is usually seen as an integral part of a president's administration and presides over the senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie-breaking vote may be needed.

us court of appeals for the 11th circuit