Which institution served as the primary unifying force in medieval western europe?

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.

hello most volcanoes are located at either divergent or convergent plate

this is where the plate motions aswell form magma