What did it mean when the dutch "kowtowed" to the chinese emperor or his representatives?

a- it meant that the dutch relinquished all their rights in the forbidden city

b- it meant that the dutch recognized the superiority of the chinese emperor

c- it meant that dutch missionaries could no longer visit china

d- it meant that dutch had full trading rights quail to those of china

The correct answer is B) It meant that the Dutch recognized the superiority of the Chinese emperor.

What the Dutch meant by “kowtowed” to the Chinese emperor or his representatives was that the Dutch recognized the superiority of the Chinese emperor.

The Dutch expressed its  respect for the Chinese Emperor with a Cantonese gesture called "kowtowed." This was a prostration of reverence where people bend their body, kneel down and barely touch the floor with their head. This gesture is one of the most important signs of respect for authorities or the elders in China. So yes, what the Dutch meant by “kowtowed” to the Chinese emperor or his representatives was that the Dutch recognized the superiority of the Chinese emperor.

the transatlantic slave trade radically impaired africa's potential to develop economically and maintain its social and political stability. the arrival of europeans on the west african coast and their establishment of slave ports in various parts of the continent triggered a continuous process of exploitation of africa's human resources, labor, and commodities. this exploitative commerce influenced the african political and religious aristocracies, the warrior classes and the biracial elite, who made small gains from the slave trade, to participate in the oppression of their own people. the europeans, on the other hand, greatly benefited from the atlantic trade, since it allowed them to amass the raw materials that fed the industrial revolution to the detriment of african societies whose capacity to transform their modes of production into a viable entrepreneurial economy was severely halted.

not to sure thinking it would be a hope this