One characteristic of the was that elected officials rewarded their supporters with jobs.

it should be a. song dynasty’s civil service examination system created an administrative bureaucracy manned by the landed aristocracy.

to reform the distraught soviet union, the democratization of the communist party was promoted through party secretary mikhail gorbachev's policies of “perestroika” and “glasnost.” perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system established by the communist party.