Which was the first sound recording machine? gramophone, phonograph, vinyl record or cd

After the civil war which president was called a "carpetbagger"?

How did president wilson compensate for the reduced government income resulting from his lowering of tariffs? a. he taxed businesses b. he charged federal interest on loans c. he cut government expenses d. he created an income tax

Plz , ive been stuck on this forever. what action did president jefferson take to stop britain and france from seizing american merchant ships. a. he declared war on france. b. he called for increased tariffs on british and french goods. c. he called for embargo on all foreign trade. d. he declared war on britain.