By using force to end rebellions during the revolutions of 1848, what idea did european monarchs reinforce?

citizens could have little or no say in the government.
peaceful protests would be more effective than revolts.
revolts were both dangerous and unnecessary.
the monarchy should have more power, not less.

Its the first one: Citizens could have little or no say in the government.

i really really really really really really dont know

in november 1781, john hanson became the first president of the united states in congress assembled, under the articles of confederation. many people have argued that john hanson, and not george washington, was the first president of the united states, but this is not quite true.

explanation: