What type of government did china have before 1912?

it would be  

germany had to pay all damages related to the war.

and i think

germany had to take sole responsibility for the war.

i believe it was spain

roosevelt believed that in light of the country's recent military successes, it was unnecessary to use force to achieve foreign policy goals, so long as the military could threaten force. this belief, and his strategy of “speaking softly and carrying a big stick,” shaped much of roosevelt's foreign policy.