What was the system by which branded cattle were allowed to graze freely on unfenced property?

The system by which branded cattle were allowed to graze freely on unfenced property was open range.

In the Western United States and Canada, open range refers ro rangeland where cattle roam freely regardless of land ownership. Where there are "open range" laws, those who aim to keep animals off their property must erect a fence to keep animals out; this also applies to public roads.

The Western open-range tradition emerged from the practice of unregulated grazing in newly acquired western lands.

when studying cause and effect, historians usually group the causes into different categories. for example, cultural causes reflect how a society’s literature and art convey the way the society saw itself in relation to the rest of the world. another resource that historians use to understand society is pop culture, which tells them the trends and ideas that are preferred by the common people. when studying cause and effect, it’s important to remember multiple causation, or the idea that an effect could have several causes and vice versa.  

the correct option is “cultural causes” since art and literature are related to the culture of a place. culture is determined by literature, art, music.

the correct option is “pop culture” since it reflects the likes and ideas of common people whereas the rest of the options do not focus on common people.  

the correct option is “multiple causation” since it refers to the idea that events are caused by multiple reasons, not just a single one.  

this is a good question! i'll do some research and come back when i have the answer!