Citizens cannot impact government decisions on public policy.

This is a definite false. Tens of thousands of men and woman participate in the  petition's of parliaments and ministers, who join interest groups/corporations and community movements. So we in fact do have somewhat of an impact on our public policy's.

Hope I helped. :)

b). (sounds as the best answer)

this means that germany had to pay the allied countries. reparations are/is essentially payment for something that they have done wrong, so after ww1, germany was forced to pay reparations so they could replenish the allied countries resources' that they had lost during the war.