What was the ghazu? what was the ummah?

In the first half of the 20th century,literacy tests,poll taxes, and grandfather clauses were passed by the southern states in order to

How did the boston massacre contribute to the writing of the declaration of independence? a. many colonists began to see the british government as a source of protection. b. many colonists began to see the british government as a supporter of free speech. c. many colonists began to oppose the british government's building of forts on the frontier. d. many colonists began to fear the british government's harsh actions toward the colonies.

What event ensured england safe passage to colonize north america? a) many englishmen desired more religious freedom than the king allowed.b) england's government decided to take advantage of america's wealth of resources.c) england's defeat of the spanish armada in 1588 opened up the seaways.d) cabot claimed the north atlantic coast for england in 1497.