The great schism (1054) resulted in the creation of
a) the scientific revolution and the age of exploration.
b) the southern renaissance and the northern renaissance.
c) the roman catholic church and the protestant reformation.
d) the eastern orthodox church and the roman catholic church.

The correct answer is D. The Schism of the East and the West, or the Great Schism, refers to a conflictive religious event that occurred in the year 1054. In this conflict there was a mutual rupture and excommunication between the highest hierarch of the Catholic Church in Rome, the Pope or Bishop of Rome (together with Christianity of the West), and the ecclesiastical hierarchs of the Orthodox Church (together with the Christianity of the East) especially of the principal of them, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

b toward the volcano.landward. the landward side of something is the side nearest to the land or facing the land, rather than the sea.

"germany's geographic location was an advantage when it was on the offensive in the war because it was situated next to an extremely wide river, the rhine, which was difficult for the allies to cross."