1) Womenâs rights movement, also called womenâs liberation movement, diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, that in the 1960s and â70s sought equal rights and opportunities and greater personal freedom for women. It coincided with and is recognized as part of the âsecond waveâ of feminism. While the first-wave feminism of the 19th and early 20th centuries focused on womenâs legal rights, especially the right to vote (see womenâs suffrage), the second-wave feminism of the womenâs rights movement touched on every area of womenâs experienceâincluding politics, work, the family, and sexuality. Organized activism by and on behalf of women continued through the third and fourth waves of feminism from the mid-1990s and the early 2010s, respectively. For more discussion of historical and contemporary feminists and the womenâs movements they inspired, see feminism.
2)Prologue To A Social Movement:-
In the aftermath of World War II, the lives of women in developed countries changed dramatically. Household technology eased the burdens of homemaking, life expectancies increased dramatically, and the growth of the service sector opened up thousands of jobs not dependent on physical strength. Despite these socioeconomic transformations, cultural attitudes (especially concerning womenâs work) and legal precedents still reinforced sexual inequalities. An articulate account of the oppressive effects of prevailing notions of femininity appeared in Le Deuxième Sexe (1949; The Second Sex), by the French writer and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. It became a worldwide best seller and raised feminist consciousness by stressing that liberation for women was liberation for men too.
3)Reformers And Revolutionaries :-
Initially, women energized by Friedanâs book joined with government leaders and union representatives who had been lobbying the federal government for equal pay and for protection against employment discrimination. By June 1966 they had concluded that polite requests were insufficient. They would need their own national pressure groupâa womenâs equivalent of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). With this, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was born.
4)Successes And Failures
With the eventual backing of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1965), women gained access to jobs in every corner of the U.S. economy, and employers with long histories of discrimination were required to provide timetables for increasing the number of women in their workforces. Divorce laws were liberalized; employers were barred from firing pregnant women; and womenâs studies programs were created in colleges and universities. Record numbers of women ran forâand started winningâpolitical office. In 1972 Congress passed Title IX of the Higher Education Act, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in any educational program receiving federal funds and thereby forced all-male schools to open their doors to women and athletic programs to sponsor and finance female sports teams. And in 1973, in its controversial ruling on Roe v. Wade, the United States Supreme Court legalized abortion.
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