How did the institution of slavery set the social
framework for the European-dominated Americas?

Explanation:

Colloquially, the term "slavery" conjures images of one race enslaving another. In fact, white colonists bought and sold the labor of both white and black servants in the 17th-century Americas. Race-based slavery is a younger phenomenon with a long-lasting legacy that America grapples with today.

the first forms of writing came from them in the form of pictographs around 3100 bc.

i believe your answer is d)