Under the caliph umar, what was the attitude toward non-muslims?
a. disallowed from holding positions of leadership
b. forced to pay a special tax
c. all of the above
d. not forced to convert

Which statement describes the primary purpose of the european union? question 1 options: to protect european nations in the event of another world war to work together to strengthen europe and benefit all member nations to prevent alliances from forming between member nations to share resources and make economic trade easier between coal and steel companies