Document: Merchants boast that their wisdom and ability are such as to give them a free hand in affairs. They believe that they know all the possible transformations in the universe and therefore can calculate all the changes in the human world, and that the rise and fall of prices are under their command. These merchants do not know how insignificant their wisdom and ability really are... If farmers do not work, there will be an insufficiency of food; if craftsmen do not work, there will be an insufficiency of tools; if merchants do not work, circulation of the three necessities will be cut off, which will cause food and materials to be insufficient... As to the foreigners in the Southeast, their goods are useful to us just as ours are to them. To use what one has to exchange for what one does not have is what trade is all about...Foreigners are recalcitrant and their greed knows no bounds. I do not think trade with them will ensure us a century of peace. Peace comes to those who toil diligently on the land. It comes to those who protect the people from the overflowing waters of the Huang He (river). Merchants do not promote the livelihood of others, only themselves, this I know from my experience traveling abroad as an official. E : Source: Essay from government official Chang Han, 15th century, in response to the late Zheng He's voyages; found in Chinese Civilization and Society: A Sourcebook (New York: The Free Press) Author's purpose- his reason for or intent in writing. It may be to amuse the reader, to persuade the reader, to inform the reader, or to satirize (use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule) a condition.

2. Identify the author's purpose for writing this text.​

the us constitution is a living document, meaning that it can be changed over time as the country changes.

hello,

your answer whould be d

d) in the state of iowa

answer:   migrations were important in the neolithic period. "two major migrations passing through southeastern europe were confirmed by the means of archaeo-genetic studies."

the first migration was the early neolithic period -- 6,000 before common era (bce) -- when the first farmers, from anatolia -- asia minor -- spread through europe. the second migration occurred during the early bronze age (3,000-2,500 bce) when the so-called "steppe population," from the eurasian steppe, replaced much of northern europe's previous population.

the first farmers of northern and western europe passed through southeastern europe with limited hunter-gatherer genetic admixture, which occurs when two or more previously isolated populations begin interbreeding. however, some groups that remained mixed extensively -- without the male-biased, hunter-gatherer admixture that prevailed later in the north and west, according to latest discoveries. southeastern europe continued to be a nexus between east and west, with intermittent genetic contact with the steppe people up to 2,000 years before the migrations that replaced much of northern europe's population.

"in some places, hunter-gatherers and incoming farmers seem to have mixed very quickly," says iain mathieson, a geneticist at the university of pennsylvania, who was first author of the paper. "but, mostly, the two groups remained isolated, at least for the first few hundred years. these hunter-gatherers had been living there for thousands of years, and it must have been quite a shock to have these new people show up -- with a completely different lifestyle and appearance."