QUESTION 1
Political parties are best defined as

as a political group that is officially recognized as being part of the electoral procces

a a political party is an organisation that coordinates candidates to complete in a country's election it is common for the member of a political party to have similar ideas about politics and parties may promote specific indelogical or policy goals

i belive the classic sword and a shield would do

powers  are  denied  to the  national governmentin three distinct ways: some  powers, such as the  power  to levy duties on exports or prohibit the freedom of religion, speech, press, or assembly, are expressly  denied  to the  national government  in the  constitution.