President Hoover knew that many Americans needed help. He did not believe, however, that it was the federal government's role to provide direct relief. Who did he think was responsible to provide relief?

state and local governments, along with charities and religious groups

Explanation:

While President Hoover knew that many Americans needed help. He did not believe, however, that it was the federal government's role to provide direct relief. He thinks "state and local governments, along with charities and religious groups" were responsible to provide relief.

This is because he holds the belief that the American system of "rugged individualism" would maintain the economy and ensure it continues to move, rather than federal government intervention.

d. it adversely affected american productivity