Discussion Topic In American history, immigration has played an integral role in society. In the nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries, first-generation immigrants who came to the United States
often dealt with language and social barriers. In the late twentieth century, second- and
third-generation immigrants faced the challenge of following their traditional heritage and
fitting into American society.
Consider how cultural diversity defines American society and literature. Is the American
identity static or fluid over time? How do you define your cultural identity? As a Hispanic?

saint clair’s defeat, (november 4, 1791), one of the worst defeats ever suffered by u.s. forces in indian warfare, precipitated by british-indian confrontation with settlers and militia in the northwest territory following the american revolution. despite specific provisions in the treaty of 1783 for the evacuation of its forts on the northwestern border, britain had failed to yield these lucrative fur-trading posts. in hopes of reclaiming lost hunting grounds with british support, a northwest indian confederation was gradually molded between 1785 and 1787, consisting mainly of shawnee, delaware, ottawa, iroquois, ojibwa, miami, and potawatomi. kentucky frontiersmen reacted to this threat by initiating raiding parties on native villages as early as 1788, and indian warfare flared up the following year.

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in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.