16. Which of the following is a power of the legislative branch? a. grant reprieves and pardons for federal crimes

b. declare executive acts unconstitutional

c. suggest laws and send messages to Congress

d. establish lower federal courts

d

Explanation: The Legislative Branch has the power to create/establish lower federal courts

yes

explanation:

the fighting words doctrine, in united states constitutional law, is a limitation to freedom of speech as protected by the first amendment to the united states constitution. in 1942, the u.s. supreme court established the doctrine by a 9–0 decision in chaplinsky v. new hampshire.