Which statement can best be supported by the existence of the african kingdoms of songhai, mali, kush, and nubia?

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1) These societies were so involved with violent civil wars that there was little time for cultural development.

2) Natural geographic barriers prevented major cultural development in these civilizations.

3) These African civilizations were entirely self-sufficient and discouraged trade with other areas.

4) Africans established thriving civilizations long before European colonization.

The answer is 2. 

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful