When historians describe how the American, European, and African commodity markets were all connected and dependent on one another, they're referring to the Trade. Slavery existed in Africa before European exploration of the continent began, yet the transatlantic slave trade that began with the arrival of the started a new form of slavery.

Triangle

Portuguese

western or west

Christian

forts

Diaspora

Alexandre Dumas

mixed race

Answers may vary. A good answer would include 3–4 specific examples drawn from the reading materials. For example, you might focus on how slavery became a racial institution rather than something that followed a war between two peoples. Unlike the form of slavery that existed in Africa and the Middle East, people became permanently enslaved and so did their children. Slavery in the Americas was practiced for the purposes of creating profit and the scale was unprecedented. Also, Europeans justified slavery by reframing Africans as less than human due to their skin color, cultural differences, and religious beliefs.

Answers may vary. A good answer would include 3–4 specific examples drawn from the reading materials. One might point to the acts of resistance that enslaved people took, such as running away, breaking tools, refusing to work, or taking part in revolts. A good answer will consider what resistance is and why it was important. Some may believe that resistance was ultimately futile, while others might point to how it gave people power, even if they remained enslaved.

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Explanation:

c.) biotic: snails; abiotic: temperature climate