When a Greek city-state, or polis, was too crowded and farmland became scarce, some people would leave and establish these elsewhere

the answer is d. tariffs were raised by america's trading partners after the smoot-hawley tariff act, decreasing exports, and declining job rates.

(d) take jobs from american workers.

they were citizens but they could not vote and they did could not get involved into a political situation during that time.