Why, throughout history, have people often disliked, distrusted, or even hated people who are viewed as "different"?

People years ago, and even today dislike people who are different, simply because it's not what they believe, or do not look the way they do, or think the way they do, and a whole bunch of stubbornness because others are not the same as themselves.

after the roman empire, the catholic church began to unify by taking on many duties of a government.

increases in demand are shown by a shift to the right in the demand curve. this could be caused by a number of factors, including a rise in income, a rise in the price of a substitute or a fall in the price of a complement.

which the answer is:

b