An example of a law that is justified in limiting individual freedom in order to protect the rights of others is

a. prohibiting trespassing on private property.
b. preventing a female from attaining a driver's license because of her gender.
c. denying a citizen the right to vote based on race.
d. preventing a person from speaking at a town meeting.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

congress also has implied powers, which derive from the necessary and proper clause of the constitution and permit congress "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the united states.