A flattened globe shows six continents: North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Purple lines and arrows show from where people originated and in which directions they migrated, starting in 18,000 BCE. The lines start in central Africa and, from there, arrows point west toward northwestern Africa, and east toward the Middle East and Asia. In the Middle East, the line branches west into western Europe and northeast into Russia. The arrows also continue east into and throughout Asia, including south into the southeast Asian islands and Australia. From north Siberia, an arrow crosses into North America via the Bering Land Bridge. From North America, the arrows move south into Central and South America. Based on this map, where are the newest human civilizations? Africa and Asia Europe and Asia Africa and Europe North America and South America

Africa and Europe were the oldest human civilizations

when in doubt choose c

it's what my teacher told my class when we were going into psats

in the united states, the president is controlled by the

constitution, and in all respects subordinate to it. insofar

as it deals with presidential power, however, the american

constitution has proved to be a highly malleable document.

with very few exceptions,' the constitutional provisions relating to the president have not been changed at all since

they were ratified in 1787. but in the late twentieth century, those provisions do not mean what they meant in

1787. the constitution is a legal document, and it is enforced judicially; but its meaning was hardly fixed when it

was ratified. in particular, the contemporary president has

far broader powers than the original constitution contemplated. it is remarkable but true that large-scale changes in

the authority of the president have been brought about

without changes in the constitutional text, but nevertheless

without significant illegality.

this is a paradox. is it not clear that constitutional

changes, if not textual, are illegal? the paradox has considerable relevance to our current thinking about the presidency in particular and about constitutionalism in general.

perhaps the framers of the american constitution feared

legislative power most of all; 2 but from well-known events

in the twentieth century, it is possible to conclude that it is

presidential power that holds out the greatest risks to both

liberty and democracy. the president is by far the most visible leader in the nation; he is often the only person in government with a national constituency. moreover, he is