1.How did Europe’s geography as a single peninsula with much smaller peninsula’s encourage trade? 2.How did Europe’s rivers and mountains encourage the development of different cultures and independent territories?
3.What led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire?

The main way in which the geography of the Italian peninsula influenced the development of the roman empire is that it was located practically in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, which highly facilitated trade with other regions.

herodotus taught this. herodotus was an ancient greek historian who was born in halicarnassus in the persian empire. he is known for having written the book the histories, a detailed record of his "inquiry" on the origins of the greco-persian wars.