Neither passage directly addresses the lack of political rights held by racial groups. In what way would a guarantee of political rights affect the types of problems that Mandela and Alexander describe? Passage says:
In cities North and South, housing is far poorer for Negroes than for whites. Colored people are largely forced to live in slum areas which have been abandoned by other groups. . . . The segregation of Negroes in jobs, their exclusion from free access to the ways in which other citizens earn a living, has meant permanent poverty, degradation [loss of power], and defeat—not only for the majority of Negroes, but for other large sections of the American people.

answer: you could try asking a family member maybe?

the process is called revolution because it was a process of great economic-social transformations that began in england in the xviii century.

the industrial mode of production spread throughout much of the northern hemisphere throughout the xix and early xx centuries.

the effect of this revolution was the distance between the countries, with respect to economic and political power.   after all, not all industrialized at the same time, remaining in the condition of suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products to the industrialized countries.

these differences mark to this day the nations of the world that are divided between developed and developing countries. one way to measure whether a country is advanced is to assess how industrialized it is.

the tariff was created to protect industry in the northern part of the united states. industries in the north were being driven out of business by imported goods that were priced at a low rate. the goal was to protect these industries   by taxing the goods.

your answer is 1930's

explanation

this is just around the time the great depression was starting and putting the us ecnomy into ecnomic failure causing the goverment to take a much larger rule to try and pieace it back together