In 1965, about 44% of the u. s. adult population had never smoked cigarettes. a national health survey of 1205 u. s. adults (presumably selected randomly) during 2006 revealed that 615 had never smoked cigarettes.
reference: ref 18-5

suppose you wished to test whether there has been a change since 1965 in the proportion of u. s. adults that have never smoked cigarettes. which of the following are the appropriate hypotheses?
a. h0: p = 0.44, ha: p > 0.44
b. h0: p = 0.51, ha: p 0.51
c. h0: p = 0.44, ha: p 0.44
d. h0: = 0.44, ha: 0.44

the p-value of the test of hypotheses is
a. greater than 0.10.
b. between 0.05 and 0.10.
c. between .01 and 0.05.
d. below 0.01.