A common element among all the river valley civilizations was: 1. irrigation systems that moved water to crops and settlements
2. developed plumbing systems
3. developed written materials
4. the worship of leaders as gods

1. because back in the day there was no toilets they had to dig holes

Explanation:

most are appointed by the president and confirmed by a vote in the senate. however, appeals court judges appoint federal bankruptcy judges, and district judges appoint federal magistrate judges. the qualifications for these positions vary depending on the preferences of the person reviewing nominees.

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