The church supported the crusades because

C. non-Christians were an immediate threat to the stability of the church.

Explanation:

By the time Pope Urban called for the first Crusade in 1095, the Muslim armies had occupied a lot of territory both in Europe and in the Holy Land including Jerusalem.

Pope Urban felt it was the Church's duty to protect the land and people of Christendom from non-Christians whom he viewed as threats to the stability of the church. The other crusades as well were also called as Popes believed that they were necessary to protect Christian stability.

the qing dynasty placed strict limits on foreign merchants' ability to trade in china.

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-lavira: )