What does James say was “the beginning of the end”? What does he mean by “the end”?

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.

to force terrorists groups to stop attacking western targets using massive military force.