Answer all parts of the question that follows. a) Identify and explain ONE political response resulting from the fragmentation of the Abbasid caliphate in the 13th century. b) Identify and explain ONE reason for the division within the Islamic world that led to the development of Sufism. c) Identify and explain ONE response to the spread of Islam within India.

Respect for the caliphs were declining.

Lack of unity among people.

Explanation:

After the fragmentation of the Abbasid caliphate, different groups were formed and some groups were led by non-Arabian Muslims. Respect for the caliphs were declining due to this fragmentation which leads to the end of Abbasids and the rise of the Buyids.

Lack of unity among people is the main reason for the division within the Islamic world that led to the development of Sufism.

Sufism and good behaviour of Muslim emperors are the main factors that contribute to the spread of Islam within India.