The doctrine of , in which a state declared that a federal law was not in effect within the state's border, was a long- established theme of protest against percevied excesses by the federal government

nullification

Explanation:

The Doctrine of Nullification which was believed to have been favored by the likes of Thomas Jefferson is a legal theory that implied that any state that is part of the Union possesses the unilateral and natural liberty to invalidate or repeal any law established by the federal government that could be considered unconstitutional.

The doctrine of nullification was exercised during the period known as the nullification crisis by the South Carolina legislature. Where it voided the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

assuming that by westerners you mean americans. that they were mean and controlling and abusive to its peasants.

explanation:

d) iowa i believe is the answer