The French king was able to defy the pope because the king inherited his authority from a powerful father. believed himself to be independent of the Church. conquered large territories and ruled with firm control. created a strong national identity and a central government.

created a strong national identity and central government.

Explanation:

This was evident in 1303 when King Philip IV of France in a power struggle send his people to raid Pope Boniface VIII's place and eventually compel him to resign in a way that was disgraceful after citing alleged charges on the part of the Pope. However, the actions were considered successful based on the fact that King Philip IV had created a strong national identity and central government.

the law supported victims of political persecution.

explanation:

billygate was not one of the scandals