EVALUATING How did the growth of powerful monarchies in France and Spain lead to war
in Italy?

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i hope this your understandings.

small european communities with shared traditions consolidated into large new states (apex)

1. it was caused by feudalism

2. charlemagne used christianity as a major cornerstone for his rule. cloisters were built all over the empire to act as centers for the (re)population of the vast european wilderness.

3. the europeans feared the next raid every time chetak

i'm not so sure about #6. but i hope i you with the first 3.

answer: both considered peasants valued members of society.

explanation: the ancient chinese and indian empires were large asian empires that had the same problems with other big empires, they had to work hard and sometimes fight in order to keep them united, they both relied heavily on their capacity to trade and to send strange and rare items to europe, and had the father as the head of the house hold in both societies, but they didn´t considered pleasants as valued members of their society, they were the bottom of the social pyramid in both of their societies.