FOUR ways that the President’s power is limited by the will of Congress.

Based on how presidential power has operated in practice, it would be easy to assume that decisions about how best to defend the nation, especially decisions about the use of military force, are "for the president alone to make," as a 2001 Department of Justice memo put it. Beginning with the Korean War, presidents have frequently authorized the use of military force without congressional approval — Grenada, Panama, Somalia and Yugoslavia are just some pre-9/11 examples. This is despite the fact that the Constitution assigns Congress the power to declare war, and that the historical record makes clear the framers only intended that the president would have unilateral authority to use military force in response to a sudden attack when there was no time to gain congressional approval.

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