what happened to non muslims and people who refused to convert during the expansion of the arab empire

Probably the same as in the Ottoman empire

Explanation:

The Ottomans first implemented a system where south slavs,Greeks, Romanians,etc...Who didn't convert played higer taxes,and we're not able to get to higher positions.

the lowest among the social higher rank were the working class. this class remained detached to the political progression   of the country and was hostile to the other two classes